Källor

Varje del av generatorn har en källa som motiverar den. Förteckningen nedan är generatorns egen: den står i koden (PROVENANCE i strategios.research.floskel, version 1.9.6, lexikon 3f32852) och visas här som den står. Påståendena är därför på engelska.

Grammatiken

  • Peter Sestoft, Stokastisk rapportgenerator (Moscow ML, 1996). Idén är lånad, ingen kod är kopierad. Rapportgeneratorn, Sestofts inlägg om den
    Grammar idea: NP generator over an inflected lexicon, three sentence kinds, report skeleton, seed as report number. Sestoft 1996-98, Moscow ML. No code copied.

Kraft i påståenden (styrka)

  • Christensen, Kärreman & Rasche (2019). Bullshit and Organization Studies. Organization Studies. doi:10.1177/0170840618820072
    Strategizing bullshit describes futures 'as if these realities were almost already achieved'; hedging is the honest move, so force is the axis.
  • Littrell, Risko & Fugelsang (2021). The Bullshitting Frequency Scale: Development and psychometric properties. British Journal of Social Psychology. doi:10.1111/bjso.12379
    Persuasive vs evasive bullshitting: the assertive end of styrka is persuasive, the hedged end evasive.

Skenprecision (konkretion)

  • Meibauer (2020). Ambiguous specificity: The production of foreign policy bullshit in electoral contexts. Politics. doi:10.1177/0263395720936039
    Hyper-specific bullshit: precision sells competence, so definiteness is its own axis and a number in a future clause is force, not warrant.
  • Compo (2023). Strategy Diagnostic.
    Goals 'include target numbers and dates'; the strategy statement should not.

Skenbelägg (grund)

  • Christensen, Kärreman & Rasche (2019). Bullshit and Organization Studies. Organization Studies. doi:10.1177/0170840618820072
    Bullshit is talk that exceeds knowledge without confessing the limit; a ground offered in the text is the observable half.
  • Szanto (2023). Epistemically exploitative bullshit: A Sartrean account. European Journal of Philosophy. doi:10.1111/ejop.12810
    Bullshit as indifference to WARRANT rather than to truth-value, which is what a text instrument can see.

Grund: källa utan hänvisning

  • Petrocelli, Curran & Stall (2024). Bullshit can be harmful to your health: Bullibility as a precursor to poor decision--making. Current Opinion in Psychology. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101769
    Source attribution moves acceptance more than wording; a bare 'studies show' is a warrant-shaped phrase with no referent.

Grund: statistik

  • Belfiore (2009). On bullshit in cultural policy practice and research: notes from the British case. International Journal of Cultural Policy. doi:10.1080/10286630902806080
    Statisticulation: an impressive number with token provenance presented as compelling.
  • Holman (2020). STS, Post-truth, and the Rediscovery of Bullshit. Engaging Science, Technology, and Society. doi:10.17351/ests2020.265
    Paltering with a true number that counts the wrong unit.

Grund: processen

  • Meibauer (2020). Ambiguous specificity: The production of foreign policy bullshit in electoral contexts. Politics. doi:10.1177/0263395720936039
    Warrant by process deferral: 'this does not happen on day one', 'in close cooperation'.
  • Hernández-Ramírez (2018). On design thinking, bullshit, and innovation. Journal of Science and Technology of the Arts. doi:10.7559/citarj.v10i3.555
    Bullshit as a lame method of justification; process offered where evidence is asked.
  • Galuppo, Ripamonti & Lozza (2024). Addressing “Bullshit” work in neoliberal academia: Tales from an audit experience and a call to action. Management Learning. doi:10.1177/13505076241299105
    Audit regimes manufacture documentation prose written after the fact.

Grund: regler

  • Postman (1969). Bullshit and the art of crap-detection.
    Rule-derived justification as the bureaucratic register's warrant.

Grund: slogan

  • Gascón (2021). Argumentative Bullshit. Informal Logic. doi:10.22329/il.v41i3.6838
    Argumentative bullshit: a reason clause with no plausible supporting relation.

Grund: kalibrerat

  • Petrocelli (2026). Bullfighting in the business arena: evidence-based strategies for detecting and disposing of organizational bullshit. Organizational Dynamics. doi:10.1016/j.orgdyn.2026.101231
    Label every claim data, inference or assumption; definitive vs calibrated wording pair, so calibrated honesty is a producible control.
  • Meibauer (2016). Aspects of a theory of bullshit. Pragmatics & Cognition. doi:10.1075/pc.23.1.04mei
    The hedged, warranted statement is the control cell of the 2x2, not milder bullshit.

De fem diskvalificerarna

  • emergentapproach.com
    The Five Disqualifiers in canonical order: 1 opposite absurd, 2 numbers, 3 duplicate of parent, 4 excludes nothing, 5 list.
  • Compo (2024). Getting “Strategy” Into Your “Strategy Framework”.
    Why each disqualifier bites: no tradeoff behind an absurd opposite, lists avoid tradeoffs, numbers make a goal.

Strategins tio avsnitt

  • Compo (2023). Strategy Diagnostic.
    The ten diagnostic questions that the ten sections answer.

Visionen

  • Christensen, Kärreman & Rasche (2019). Bullshit and Organization Studies. Organization Studies. doi:10.1177/0170840618820072
    Futures described as already achieved: present tense, no actor, no number.
  • Pennycook m.fl. (2015). On the reception and detection of pseudo-profound bullshit. Judgment and Decision Making. doi:10.1017/s1930297500006999
    Pseudo-profound bullshit: syntactically well-formed, vague, impressive, no assertable content; the vision sentence is its strategy-genre form.

Åtagandet

  • Christensen, Kärreman & Rasche (2019). Bullshit and Organization Studies. Organization Studies. doi:10.1177/0170840618820072
    The first-person commitment is where force meets the absent warrant.

Validering

  • Littrell (2026). The corporate bullshit receptivity scale: development, validation, and associations with workplace outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.113699
    Computer-generated corporate bullshit items from real sentence frames, kept by factor loading, validated against real quotes: the real-vs-generated design for RQ3.
  • Pennycook m.fl. (2015). On the reception and detection of pseudo-profound bullshit. Judgment and Decision Making. doi:10.1017/s1930297500006999
    Generated statements rated for profundity beside genuine ones: the reception test the site can run.

Spridning

  • Spicer (2020). Playing the Bullshit Game: How Empty and Misleading Communication Takes Over Organizations. Organization Theory. doi:10.1177/2631787720929704
    Bullshit as a field game: a phrase used by hundreds of organisations is the field's, which is why duplicate and lista are document-level tests.

Arbetsgruppens namn

  • Peter Sestoft, Stokastisk rapportgenerator (Moscow ML, 1996). Idén är lånad, ingen kod är kopierad. Rapportgeneratorn, Sestofts inlägg om den
    Fabricated working-group members from combinatorial name parts; initials, never first names, so no listed name is a person.

Begreppet

  • Fallatah (2023). This Is Bullshit: The Relationship between Organizational Bullshitting and Employee Job Satisfaction. Social Sciences. doi:10.3390/socsci12110636
    Jargon and truth-disregard are distinct facets and correlate the opposite way with job satisfaction: vacuity and unwarranted assertion are never summed.
  • Wilmore m.fl. (2024). If this place is full of it, I’m not a part of it: validating the organizational bullshit perception scale. Management Decision. doi:10.1108/md-03-2023-0370
    The organizational bullshit perception scale's jargon facet is psychometrically distinct from its truth-disregard facet.
  • Liang m.fl. (2025). Machine Bullshit: Characterizing the Emergent Disregard for Truth in Large Language Models. arXiv.
    Empty rhetoric had no measured effect on decision utility; paltering and unverified claims did. The harmful forms are the ones the first grammar lacked.
  • Meibauer (2016). Aspects of a theory of bullshit. Pragmatics & Cognition. doi:10.1075/pc.23.1.04mei
    Bullshit needs certainty markers; hedged bullshit 'will not work'. Hedges are a control condition, not milder bullshit.

Undanglidning

  • Littrell, Risko & Fugelsang (2021). The Bullshitting Frequency Scale: Development and psychometric properties. British Journal of Social Psychology. doi:10.1111/bjso.12379
    Evasive bullshitting: a non-relevant truth substituted for a direct answer, dissociated from persuasive bullshitting across five studies.
  • Littrell (2024). The psychology of bullshitting: Measurement, correlates, and outcomes of the propensity to mislead others.
    Evasive-answer templates; persuasive vs evasive as two production modes.
  • Deck (2023). Bullshit, Pragmatic Deception, and Natural Language Processing. Dialogue & Discourse. doi:10.5210/dad.2023.103
    Bullshit as an answer that misrepresents a new question as the one asked; three surface-detectable shifts: tense, agent breadth, abstraction level.
  • Borman (2011). Bullshit, Social Integration, and Political Legitimation: Habermasian Reflections. Dialogue. doi:10.1017/s001221731100014x
    Non-binding bureaucratic formulas that receive uptake and commit to nothing.
  • Postman (1969). Bullshit and the art of crap-detection.
    Eichmannism: polite, neutral, rule-derived bullshit as a public-sector register.
  • Howe (2022). Bullshit as a practical strategy for self‐deceptive narrators. The Philosophical Forum. doi:10.1111/phil.12318
    Evasion vs obfuscation; true-but-irrelevant content as a strategy.

Nonsensarmen

  • Ilić & Damnjanović (2024). The distinctive characteristics of bullshit: intention, meaningfulness, and source reliability. Thinking & Reasoning. doi:10.1080/13546783.2024.2409468
    Gibberish control: the same frames with buzzwords swapped for high-frequency words of matching class, gender, number and case; perceived meaning collapses, syntax held.
  • Cluley (2013). What makes a management buzzword buzz?. Organization Studies. doi:10.1177/0170840612464750
    Broughton 1968 buzzword generator; fully random output confuses rather than dazzles, so slot vocabulary needs limited currency.
  • Pennycook m.fl. (2015). On the reception and detection of pseudo-profound bullshit. Judgment and Decision Making. doi:10.1017/s1930297500006999
    Generated buzzword statements rated as profound beside genuine ones; the reception benchmark for a generated arm.

Register

  • Spicer (2013). Shooting the shit: the role of bullshit in organisations. M@n@gement. doi:10.3917/mana.165.0653
    Three production strategies: strategic ambiguity, over-packing, fleetingness; referent-free comparatives with no baseline.
  • Spicer (2020). Playing the Bullshit Game: How Empty and Misleading Communication Takes Over Organizations. Organization Theory. doi:10.1177/2631787720929704
    Buzzwords reified into templates, metrics and tick-boxes: the device nouns.
  • Selwyn (2015). Minding our language: why education and technology is full of bullshit … and what might be done about it. Learning, Media and Technology. doi:10.1080/17439884.2015.1012523
    Presupposing compound labels, effect vocabulary without measured effect, technology as agent.
  • Ferreira m.fl. (2022). This Place Is Full of It: Towards an Organizational Bullshit Perception Scale. Psychological Reports. doi:10.1177/0033294120978162
    Acronym and jargon density is the measured 'bullshit language' factor, a separate vector from buzzwords.

De tre proven

  • Cohen (2002). Deeper into bullshit. doi:10.7551/mitpress/2143.003.0015
    Cohen's negation test: a sentence whose negation is equally plausible has not been grasped; the operational form of 'opposite absurd'.
  • Bengoetxea (2017). A Gricean analysis of discursive strategies in decision-oriented science: Bullshit, uncertainty, and meaning. Filosofia Unisinos. doi:10.4013/fsu.2017.181.04
    A floskel stays plausible when its polarity flips.
  • Plessis & Vandeskog (2020). Other stories of resilient safety management in the Norwegian offshore sector: Resilience engineering, bullshit and the de-politicization of danger. Scandinavian Journal of Management. doi:10.1016/j.scaman.2020.101096
    Substitution test: swap the term, plausibility unchanged; the operational form of 'duplicate of parent'.
  • Oliver (2025). Clarifying by declassifying: removing the buzzwords from behavioral public policy. Policy and Society. doi:10.1093/polsoc/puaf010
    Nobody can oppose a term stretched by prefixes: the operational form of 'excludes nothing'.
  • Ivanković (2016). Steering Clear of Bullshit? The Problem of Obscurantism. Philosophia. doi:10.1007/s11406-016-9709-8
    Paraphrase test for unclarifiable unclarity.

Dokumenttyperna och längden

  • Mätning av STRATEGIANALYS baslinje v19 (825 dokument): sidor, rubriker och tabeller efter den typ dokumentet själv kallar sig. Policy 3, strategi 10 och plan 17 sidor i median.
    Types, lengths and sections calibrated on STRATEGIANALYS baseline v19, 825 documents by the type each names itself: policy 3, strategi 10 and plan 17 pages in median; 7, 25 and 37 headings; 24, 43 and 66 % with a table.

Sammanhang

  • M. A. K. Halliday och Ruqaiya Hasan (1976), Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
    Cohesion is made by ties across sentences: a term reiterated, a reference back, a conjunction. The knob generates those ties without content.

Tvetydighet

  • Eisenberg (1984). Ambiguity as strategy in organizational communication. Communication Monographs. doi:10.1080/03637758409390197
    Strategic ambiguity promotes unified diversity: one expression read two ways lets different readers agree. Each expression carries its two readings, written in.
  • Spicer (2013). Shooting the shit: the role of bullshit in organisations. M@n@gement. doi:10.3917/mana.165.0653
    Strategic ambiguity as a production strategy of organisational bullshit.

SMART-formade mål

  • Doran (1981). There's a S.M.A.R.T. way to write managements's goals and objectives. Management Review.
    The SMART form for written goals; the generator fills the form and leaves the goal empty.
  • Bevan & Hood (2006). What’s measured is what matters: targets and gaming in the english public health care system. Public Administration. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2006.00600.x
    Governance by targets assumes a part can stand for the whole and that measurement and gaming do not matter: the wrong measure, the activity in place of the effect.

Skenbelägg: blandat

  • Belfiore (2009). On bullshit in cultural policy practice and research: notes from the British case. International Journal of Cultural Policy. doi:10.1080/10286630902806080
    Statisticulation: an impressive number with token provenance presented as compelling.
  • Meibauer (2020). Ambiguous specificity: The production of foreign policy bullshit in electoral contexts. Politics. doi:10.1177/0263395720936039
    Warrant by process deferral and precision that sells competence.

Skenprecision: tomma åtgärder

  • Rumelt (2011). Good strategy/bad strategy.
    A dog's dinner of objectives: 'A long list of things to do ... is not a strategy'. Action item number 122 was to 'create a strategic plan'.
  • Räkning i STRATEGIANALYS baslinje v19 (834 dokument): i hur många dokument varje tom åtgärd, varje ramverksfras och varje inledning står, med orden som i generatorns lexikon.
    The thirteen empty frames are the corpus's own, where they are the verb of an action in STRATEGIANALYS baseline v19: främja in 305 of 834 documents, verka för in 260, skapa förutsättningar för in 199.

Skenbelägg: ett ramverk

  • Van Leeuwen (2007). Legitimation in discourse and communication. Discourse & Communication. doi:10.1177/1750481307071986
    Impersonal authority: legitimation because the laws, the rules or the policies say so.
  • Räkning i STRATEGIANALYS baslinje v19 (834 dokument): i hur många dokument varje tom åtgärd, varje ramverksfras och varje inledning står, med orden som i generatorns lexikon.
    The corpus's own alignment: i enlighet med in 290 of 834 documents, i linje med in 193.

Skenbelägg: det alla vet

  • Van Leeuwen (2007). Legitimation in discourse and communication. Discourse & Communication. doi:10.1177/1750481307071986
    Expert authority: a verbal or mental process clause with the expert as its subject.
  • Räkning i STRATEGIANALYS baslinje v19 (834 dokument): i hur många dokument varje tom åtgärd, varje ramverksfras och varje inledning står, med orden som i generatorns lexikon.
    The corpus's own openings: Vi vet att in 14 of 834 documents, Det är tydligt att in 13, Forskning visar att in 12.

Skenbelägg: först i meningen

  • Van Leeuwen (2007). Legitimation in discourse and communication. Discourse & Communication. doi:10.1177/1750481307071986
    Authority put first: 'enligt' and a law, a framework or a source, before the claim.

Kraft i löften

  • Searle (1976). A classification of illocutionary acts. Language in Society. doi:10.1017/s0047404500006837
    Two illocutionary points: a representative commits the speaker, in varying degrees, to something's being the case; a commissive to a future course of action. Styrka grades the first, atagandekraft the second (question R3).

Temana

  • Temana ur titlarna i STRATEGIANALYS baslinje v20 (833 dokument), beslutade av Kristian 2026-09-29, med vikter efter organisation och dokumenttyp, teman i samma titel och andelen sammansatta titlar.
    The eight themes are the titles of STRATEGIANALYS baseline v20 (833 documents), decided by Kristian 2026-09-29: digitalisering in 226 titles, miljö in 120, klimat in 82. Weights by organisation and type, themes in one title and the share of compound titles are counted there.

Förbehållen, det tomma löftet

  • Bridgeman & Sandrik (2008). Bullshit Promises. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1262477
    A bullshit promise: promissory language on specific terms while elsewhere reserving the right not to perform. The promise keeps its force, and its reservation stands in another section.
  • Räkning i STRATEGIANALYS baslinje v20 (833 dokument): omskrivningarna, förbehållen efter avsnitt och de motsatta löftena, med orden som i generatorns lexikon.
    The nineteen reservations are modelled on sentences in STRATEGIANALYS baseline v20, such as 'Strategin genomförs i den takt som ekonomin tillåter' (Riksarkivet). 'finansieras inom ramen för' stands in 8 documents, 6 of them in an economy section.

Ordsallad och ordens passform

  • Cluley (2013). What makes a management buzzword buzz?. Organization Studies. doi:10.1177/0170840612464750
    Fully random buzzword combinations confuse rather than dazzle, so words need limited currency: at 0 each slot takes its class, at 1 the words are drawn freely.
  • Spicer (2013). Shooting the shit: the role of bullshit in organisations. M@n@gement. doi:10.3917/mana.165.0653
    A comparative with no baseline works while the reader does not ask 'better than what', so it takes a noun that can grow.
  • doi.org
    SenSALDO v0.2 (Språkbanken Text 2019): the tone of the generator's adjectives and verbs under the unanimous rule, with Kristian's twelve negative additions. Negative words stand only in Utmaningen.

Löften och motsatta löften

  • Brunsson (2017). Organized Hypocrisy. doi:10.1093/oso/9780199206285.003.0007
    Organized hypocrisy: some demands are met by talk or decisions and others by action. Two promises that pull apart stand in different focus areas.
  • Brunsson (1986). Organizing for inconsistencies: On organizational conflict, depression and hypocrisy as substitutes for action. Scandinavian Journal of Management Studies. doi:10.1016/0281-7527(86)90014-9
    Organizations reflect inconsistent norms in hypocritical outputs, talk and decisions among them, to gain support and legitimacy.

Register: omskrivningar och oxymoron

  • Räkning i STRATEGIANALYS baslinje v20 (833 dokument): omskrivningarna, förbehållen efter avsnitt och de motsatta löftena, med orden som i generatorns lexikon.
    The 22 euphemistic noun phrases and 6 verb phrases stand in at least two documents of STRATEGIANALYS baseline v20 (effektivisering in 179, frigöra resurser in 26). The ten oxymorons are Kristian's, since the corpus has almost none (question T).